Desulfurization Simulated Gasoil

De entropyization Simulated GasoilDesulfurization Simulated Gasoil by Polyoxometalate/H2O2/Ionic Liquid SystemArouna Dolo, Yu-Hui Luo, Wen-Wen Ma, Xin-Xin Lu, Yan Xu, Kaiwen Ma, Nah Traor, Hong Zhang synopsisThe Keggin-type catalysts (Q)3+nPW12-nVnO40 (n= 1-3) were synthesized by ionic switch over for oil extraction/catalytic oxidation desulfurization (ECODS) of DBT, BT and 4,6-DMDBT. The samples were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra analysis. The experimental results indicated that (STA)6PW9V3 exhibits well-made catalytic activity and durability with about 99.14% desulfurization rate from the 500 ppm model oil within 1 h at 40 , and no obviously decrease in its catalytic performance was observed after five nonparallel ECODS recycles with about 98% recovery rate. Therefore, the Keggin-type material is a promising and competent catalyst for the catalytic oxida tion desulfurization of diesel fuel.Keywords Catalysts, Polyvanadotungstates, Extraction/oxidation desulfurization, Ionic liquified, Keggin-type polyoxometalates1. IntroductionThe combustion of hydrocarbon generates gaseous conta secondants, such as SOx and NOx species, which lead to environmental hazards, including acid rain, air contamination and ozone consumption 1. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS), a standard refining technology, is very efficient in remotion of thiols, sulfides and disulfides. However, it is less effective when dealing with furnace lining sulfur compounds such as benzothiophene (BT), dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) 2. This attracts noteworthy efforts to explore an efficient approach for sulfur removal from oil, including extractive desulfurization (EDS), aerophilous desulfurization (ODS), biodesulfurization (BDS) and absorptive desulfurization (ADS) or their combination. Among them, extractive/catalytic oxidative desulfurization (ECODS) has emerged as an intriguing approach due to its superlative desulfurization activity, selectivity and stability 3.Various catalysts, such as commercially available molybdic compound 4, phosphotungstic acid,5 peroxotungsten complex 6 and polymolybdates 7 have demo favourable efficiency with ECODS. However, phase-transfer limitation across the interface and lack of adaptive reaction environment in the hydrophobic ILs are the main drawbacks in these musical arrangements. The Keggin-type containing-vanadium POMs PMo12-nVnO40(3+n)- and PW12-nVnO40(3+n) have demonstrated to be an effective and robust catalyst for discordant oxidation reactions, including ketones, aldehydes, alcohols and sulfur under mild conditions 8, 9. However, few reports on the catalytic oxidative desulfurization by PW12-nVnO40(3+n) encapsulated with essential alkyl chains have been reported.In this work, we used Keggin-type containing-vanadium POMs H3+nPW12-nVnO40 (n= 1-3) grafted with a series of al kyl chains, including stearyltrimethylammonium bromide (STABr), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDABr), and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DDABr) as catalysts, BmimPF6 as extractant solvent in the presence of H2O2 as oxidant for desulfurization. The results show that, among the synthesized catalysts (STA)6PW9V3 exhibited superior activity. Reaction parameters, such as the influence of vanadium structure, oil/catalyst mass ratio and H2O2 loony toons on the desulfurization were investigated. From our experiments, it suggests that the high schooler number of vanadium-substituted to the catalyst results the better catalytic activity.2. Experimental 2.1. Materials preparationSynthesis of H4PW11VO40 (PW11V), H5PW10V2O40 (PW10V2) and K6PW9V3O40 (PW9V3)PW11V , PW10V2 and PW9V3 were synthesized as reported in the literature 11, 12. Surfactant-Encapsulated POMs (SEPs) were synthesized via ionic switch over of method of PW12-nVn and surfactants (STABr, HDABr and DDAB), respectively. PW12-nVn were dissolved in water, whereas surfactants were dissolved in alcohol. The two solutions were mixed, filtered, washed with water and ethanol before drying for 24 h to obtain the final examination products. All catalysts used in this work were characterized according to the reported literatures.2.2. ECODS for oil modelSynthesis of ionic liquid and model oil Ionic liquid BmimPF6 was synthesized as mentioned in the literature 10. The ECODS was conducted via initially mixing model oil with BmimPF6 inside two-necked round-bottomed flask immersed in water bath at various temperature 40, 50 and 60 C, respectively. The ECODS commenced after addition of H2O2 30 wt. % into the (STA)6PW9V3 under stirring for 3h. Intermediate samples were collected at different reaction times from 10 min to 160 min. The remained sulfur-containing compounds in model oil after the reaction were analyzed by GC.2.3. CharacterizationFT-IR spectra were measured on a Mattson Alpha-Centauri spectrometer in t he guide of 4000-400 cm-1. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed on Perkin-Elmer Thermal Analyzer under nitrogen atmosphere at heating of 5 C/min till 600 C. UV absorption was measured with Cary 500 UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer.3. Results and discussionThe ECODS was tested in comparison with other desulfurization systems, such as the extraction, the chemical oxidation and the catalytic oxidation (Table 1). Interestingly, the ECODS system was superior to others desulfurization systems. This is due to the persistence of catalyst with IL and oxidant in the same reaction somehow stimulates legend effect, which stabilizes the oxidant and subsequently enhances activity. In addition, the high oil-model solubility in ionic liquid results in less binding energy of adsorbents on the system, thus contributing to a much high sulfur removal.Three different surfactants were used to synthesize (Q)6PW9V3, (Q)6PW10V2 and (Q)6PW11V (Q = STABr, HDABr and DDABr) to investigate the influence of sur factant alkyl-chain length on the catalytic performance. As shown in Fig. 1, the efficiency of DBT removal in ECODS are about 99.14%, 95% and 81% by using (STA)6PW9V3, (HDA)6PW9V3 and (DDA)6PW9V3 as catalysts, correspondingly. In contrast, surfactant-encapsulated POMs (Q)5PW10V2 and (Q) are slightly less efficient than (STA)6PW9V3.Fig 2 shows the removal of DBT at 40, 50 and 60 C, respectively. The results show that removal of DBT via ECODS increases with temperature rising. After 10 minutes for the ECODS reaction, the DBT removal efficiency was 38.47% at 40 C, while 80.36% at 60 C. Also, the DBT removal efficiency became stable for all three temperatures after an hour. These results depict the superior catalytic activity at 60 C. However, the excessive higher temperature will lead to thermal decomposition of H2O2, thus low desulfurization efficiency 14. As a result, although the catalytic effect is sluggish at 40 C, which took nearly 1 h to remove about 99% of sulfur, it is econom ically preferred due to low energy cost and higher H2O2 stability. In addition, the durability of (STA)6PW9V3 was investigated on DBT removal for five interval cycles. The results show that, the catalyst keeps around 98 % of its activity after consecutive 5 cycles (Fig S8). Furthermore, the catalyst, (STA)6PW9V3, reserved all its characteristic peaks without probatory shift after the durability test (Fig S9).The ECODS capability of DBT, BT, 4,6-DMDBT were evaluated using (STA)6PW9V3 as catalyst. The achieved desulfurization efficiency were about 99.14%, 91.09% and 71.06% for DBT, 4,6-DMDBT and BT at 40 C within 1 h, respectively, as shown in Fig 3. The data reflects the superior ECODS efficiency of DBT compared to 4,6-DMDBT and BT resulting from distinct electron density of BT (5.739), DBT (5.758) and 4,6-DMDBT (5.760) 15. Thereby, high electron density eases up sulfur removal and iniquity versa. However, 4,6-DMBT is the exception due to the persistence of two methyl groups in car bon chain, which cause steric hindrance 16.4. ConclusionIn summary, the Keggin-type organic-inorganic framework catalysts, (Q)6PW11V, (Q)6PW10V2, (Q)6PW9V3 Q=C18H37N(CH3)3 (STA), C16H42N(CH3)3 (HDA, C12H3N(CH3)3 (DDA), were synthesized by ionic exchange approach for oil extraction/catalytic oxidation desulfurization. Their desulfurization efficiencies were investigated by varing reactants concentration and reaction parameters. Intriguingly, (STA)6PW9V3 with longer carbon chain and higher V content exhibits superior catalytic activity compared to its counterparts. The ECODS presents better performance compared to others systems. Furthermore, (STA)6PW9V3 exhibits a drastic durability. From the experiment, it maintained catalytic activity with 98% recovery rate after five consecutive ECODS cycles.AcknowledgmentWe gratefully acknowledge financial support by the NSF of China (21271038, 21071027), the China High-Tech Development 863 Program (2007AA03Z218) and analysis and testing foundati on of northeastern United States Normal University.References1 R. Martinez-Palou, R. Luque, Applications of ionic liquids in the removal of contaminants from refinery feedstocks an industrial perspective, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 2414-2447.2 W. Jiang, W. Zhu, Y. Chang, Y. Chao, S. Yin, H. Liu, F. Zhu, H. Li, Ionic liquid extraction and catalytic oxidative desulfurization of fuels using dialkylpiperidinium tetrachloroferrates catalysts, Chem. Eng. J. 250 (2014) 48-54.3 S. Ribeiro, A.D.S. Barbosa, A.C. Gomes, M. Pillinger, I.S. Gonalves, L. Cunha-Silva, S.S. 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J. 220 (2013) 328-336.HighlightsA series of Keggin-type catalyst was successfully synthesizedThe influence factors for catalytic oxidation desulfurization were discussed in detailAs synthesized catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity and durability.Figure captionsFig. 1 Influence of surfactant alkyl-chain length on the catalytic oxidation of DBT. Reaction conditions 5 mL model oil (S content = 500 ppm) time = 1 h T = 40 C H2O2 = 64 L, BmimPF6 = 1 mL.Fig. 2 Influence of temperature on the removal of DBT. Reaction conditions 5 mL model oil (S content = 500 ppm) (STA)6PW9V3 = 3.5 mg time=3 h H2O2 = 64 L, BmimPF6 = 1 mL.Fig. 3 Influence of different sulfur-containing compounds. Reaction conditions 5 mL model oil S content (BT, DBT and 4,6-DMDBT was 250, 500 and 250 ppm respectively) (STA)6PW9V3 = 3.5 mg time = 3 h T = 40 C H2O2 = 64 L BmimPF6 = 1mL.Fig. 1Fig. 2Fig. 3TablesTable 1 Influence of different desulfurization systems on removal of DBTReaction conditions 5 mL model oil (S content=500 ppm) t=1 h T =40 C H2O2= 64 L, catalyst = 3.5 mg, BmimPF6=1 mL1